Question 1

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)   In this stage, a child can perform operations independently without adult supervision.
B)   In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
C)   This stage lasts from approximately 3 months to 2 years of age.
D)   This stage involves the ability to use deductive reasoning.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 2

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will

Accepted Answer

A)   help the boys develop their gross motor skills.
B)   stop when their brains become better myelinated.
C)   be temporary as they will not be friends for long.
D)   help the boys overcome narcolepsy.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 3

Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language?

Accepted Answer

A)   Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate.
B)   Thought depends on language, and they are merged throughout development.
C)   Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge.
D)   Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?

Accepted Answer

A)   decreasing home/school partnerships
B)   the absence of playground hazards
C)   the reduction of pool fencing
D)   reducing frequent parent protective behaviorsE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 5

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through

Accepted Answer

A)   self-discovery.
B)   social interaction.
C)   the reorganization of existing knowledge.
D)   transforming previous knowledge.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)   One method of assessing short-term memory is the memory-span task.
B)   In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to 5 minutes if there is no rehearsal of the information.
C)   Short-term memory involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life.
D)   An aspect of short-term memory that has been extensively studied in research on children's development is autobiographical memory.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at a trial. The defense argued that her testimony could be invalid because

Accepted Answer

A)   at her age, she has no long-term memories.
B)   her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.
C)   she is more likely to embellish her memories.
D)   children cannot recall details of events sequentially.E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 8

Critics of universal preschool education argue that

Accepted Answer

A)   quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success.
B)   research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool.
C)   the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often understated.
D)   quality preschool programs increase the likelihood that a child will drop out of school later.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 9

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?

Accepted Answer

A)   nationality and culture
B)   education and exercise
C)   prenatal care and emotional challenges
D)   ethnic origin and nutritionE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

The leading cause of death in young children in 2015 in the United States was

Accepted Answer

A)   heart disease.
B)   malnutrition.
C)   accidents.
D)   domestic violence.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 11

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries, what her parents consider, hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of

Accepted Answer

A)   1-year-olds.
B)   2-year-olds.
C)   3-year-olds.
D)   5-year-olds.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 12

Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of

Accepted Answer

A)   pragmatics.
B)   morphology.
C)   syntax.
D)   phonology.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its lower and upper limits? How can one use peer scaffolding to teach children mathematics within the zone?

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development (ZPD), ...

Question 14

Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should

Accepted Answer

A)   be alarmed because Manuel has gained a lot of weight.
B)   be concerned because Manuel has gained less weight.
C)   be positive and change Manuel's diet.
D)   be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Executive function involves ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control
B)   learning difficult tasks with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children
C)   focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
D)   building memories of significant events and experiences in one's lifeE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, Vygotsky argued that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   formal, standardized tests are the best way to assess children's learning
B)   assessment should focus on determining a child's zone of proximal development
C)   educators should focus on abstract presentations of material
D)   teaching should begin toward the lower limit of the zone of proximal developmentE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 17

Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought. Provide an example of children's thinking at each stage.

Accepted Answer

The Piagetian preoperational stage in co...

Question 18

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's educational applications?

Accepted Answer

A)   IQ should be assessed to test a child's learning capabilities.
B)   A child should learn on his or her own to realize his or her capabilities.
C)   A child's use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism.
D)   Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of

Accepted Answer

A)   reversible mental actions.
B)   egocentric views.
C)   primitive reasoning.
D)   symbolic thought.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 20

Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in ________ theory of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A)   Vygotsky's
B)   Erikson's
C)   Sternberg's
D)   Piaget'sE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Exam 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Critics of universal preschool education argue that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true of short-term memory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries, what her parents consider, hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, Vygotsky argued that ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at a trial. The defense argued that her testimony could be invalid because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in ________ theory of cognitive development.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought. Provide an example of children's thinking at each stage.

Correct AnswerverifiedThe Piagetian preoperational stage in co...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its lower and upper limits? How can one use peer scaffolding to teach children mathematics within the zone?

Correct AnswerverifiedThe zone of proximal development (ZPD), ...View AnswerShow Answer

Executive function involves ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's educational applications?

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The leading cause of death in young children in 2015 in the United States was

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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The Piagetian preoperational stage in co...
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The zone of proximal development (ZPD), ...
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