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Exam 17: Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

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Question 21

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Attenuation occurs in prokaryotes but has not been seen as a gene-expression mechanism in eukaryotes. Why not?

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Attenuation is a regulatory mechanism th...

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Question 22

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Which of the following processes is also known as RNA silencing or posttranscriptional gene silencing?

A) protein degradation
B) transcriptional stalling
C) RNA splicing
D) transcriptional repression
E) RNA interference

F) B) and D)
G) A) and E)

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Question 23

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A genetics student identified a male fly (Drosophila) that had an XX genotype. Which of the following is the MOST accurate plausible explanation?

List at least two ways that regulation of genes for yeast galactose-metabolizing enzymes is different from regulation of E. coli lactose-utilizing enzymes.

What is the connection between DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, and gene regulation in eukaryotes?

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, groups of genes can be regulated simultaneously (coordinately expressed). However, each group accomplishes this task differently. Explain how coordinate expression differs in prokaryotes compared with eukaryotes.

Degradation of a eukaryotic mRNA is generally initiated by:

Describe the unusual posttranscriptional control of Drosophila sex determination. How does the cascade of events differ between males and females?

Which of the following CANNOT be determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) ?

Given the following figure, what would be the effect of a mutation that occurred in the insulator that prevented the binding of the insulator-binding protein?

Which of the following statements about CpG islands is CORRECT?

In the nematode roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, the LIN-14 protein controls the timing of certain cell divisions during development. LIN-14 protein levels are normally high in early development but decrease in the later stages. In a lin-4 mutant, the level of LIN-14 protein stays high throughout development, changing the pattern of cell divisions in the animal and producing defects in the shape of the animal. The lin-4 gene encodes a microRNA that binds to a sequence in the 3'UTR of the lin-14 mRNA. a. How does the lin-4 microRNA likely regulate LIN-14 protein levels? Explain why the lin-4 mutant has high levels of LIN-14 throughout development. b. Mutations in the 3' UTR of lin-14 have been identified that alter the sequence to which lin-4 normally binds. What effect would these mutations be expected to have on the expression of LIN-14 protein in the animal?

In Arabidopsis, FLD (a deacetylase enzyme) stimulates flowering. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following statements about regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is INCORRECT?

A fly (Drosophila) with an XY genotype has a mutation in its sex-lethal (Sxl) gene that renders its protein product nonfunctional. Which of the following describes the sex of this fly?

DNA sequences that might act as enhancers (regulatory elements) can be attached to the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the combined DNA sequence can be reintroduced into an organism. If the DNA sequence attached to GFP actually can act as an enhancer, glowing green pigment will be observed in particular regions of the organism. Gene A is expressed in developing nerve cells, muscle cells, and intestinal cells in the fruit fly embryo. The region of DNA around gene A is depicted below. The pieces of DNA indicated with lines 1-5 were attached to GFP and tested for the ability to activate gene expression in the fly embryo. In piece 5, the "X" indicates a deletion of a single base pair. $\begin{array} { | l | l | } \hline \text { DNA } & { \text { GFP Expression } } \\\hline \text { Piece 1 } & \text { Muscle cells } \\\hline \text { Piece 2 } & \text { Nerve cells, intestinal cells } \\\hline \text { Piece 3 } & \text { No expression } \\\hline \text { Piece 4 } & \text { Nerve cells, intestinal cells } \\\hline \text { Piece 5 } & \text { Intestinal cells } \\\hline\end{array}$ a. Based on the pattern of GFP expression when attached to either piece 1 or piece 2, propose a model for how gene A is activated in the different cells of the embryo. b. Propose an explanation for the difference in GFP expression caused by piece 3 and piece 4. c. What has the deletion "X" in piece 5 likely affected to cause the change of GFP expression compared to piece 2? How does this result refine the model proposed in (a)?

Eukaryotic genes can be introduced into bacteria by recombinant DNA techniques. If the introduced gene encodes a protein that is also found in bacteria-for example, a universally used glycolysis enzyme-then expression of the eukaryotic gene may produce a protein that functions in the bacterial cell. The mouse gene for a glycolysis enzyme is introduced into an E. coli cell that has a mutant gene for the bacterial version of the same enzyme. Even though the mouse enzyme should function in the bacterial cell and restore the cell's ability to perform glycolysis, it does not. Provide two possible reasons why this experiment does not work and propose a solution to overcome one of the problems you suggest.

A scientist created transgenic C. elegans worms that expressed a gene that made the worms glow green under fluorescent light. Then she injected double-stranded RNA complementary to this gene. Which of the following results was MOST likely to be seen?

A scientist is using crosslinked chromatin immunoprecipitation (XChIP) to determine the DNA sequences to which a protein of interest binds. However, when she attempts to sequence the DNA in the last step of the procedure, she is unable to obtain any DNA to sequence. Which of the following is a likely reason she is getting these results?

Let us assume that your goal is to determine whether or not the expression of your favorite gene (YFG) is regulated by miRNA. Also assume that the genome sequence is known for the organism from which YFG was isolated. Describe the logical experiment steps to achieve your goal.