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Exam 4: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

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Question 101

Multiple Choice

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Erikson's second stage of development is called:

A) attachment versus self-awareness.
B) pride versus shame.
C) trust versus mistrust.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Question 102

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The securely attached infant is unlikely to explore an unfamiliar environment when his or her mother is present.

A) True
B) False

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Question 103

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When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely:

The part of the brain known as the ______ is affected by chronic early stress; as a result, the brain may develop more slowly in a stressed infant than in a non- stressed infant.

According to Freud, if a parent is too strict with toilet training, it can result in a child who is fixated in the _____ stage.

In a cross-cultural study examining child-rearing practices, it was demonstrated that toddlers with _____ mothers were more obedient but less self-aware than toddlers with distal mothers.

A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who:

Outline and briefly discuss three conditions that predict secure attachment in infants.

One-year-old Jacob follows his mother when she moves about the house and tries to climb up her legs when she is sitting in a chair. He is exhibiting his attachment to her through ______ behavior.

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately 3 months of age infants exhibit enough behaviors that they can be classified as one of _____ temperamental categories.

Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are:

The biologically based core of individual differences in style of approach and response to the environment that remains stable across time and situations is what psychologists call ______.

Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?

How might the crisis of "autonomy versus shame and doubt" affect later life?

Social learning is achieved by observing others.

What might happen if a person is stuck in the oral or anal stage of development?

The crucial aspect of synchrony is:

The "proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors of the 12-month-old infant are evidenced by the affectionate tie that Ainsworth called ______.

In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of:

Why does "working model" arise from cognitive theory?