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What are the main differences between cooperative federalism and dual federalism?

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Dual federalism characterized the United States between the late 1870s and the 1930s. During this period, federalism resembled a layer cake in that each level of government was active in distinct spheres of jurisdiction. Cooperative federalism, which emerged in the 1930s, blurred those jurisdictional distinctions as the federal government expanded its involvement into policy domains previously handled by states. Until the 1970s, the federal government elicited the cooperation of states to achieve its objectives primarily by providing intergovernmental grants.

Critical Thinking Questions  RATING  Failing  Below Average  Competent  Advanced/  Sophisticated  Criteria  Answer doesnot  Answer fails to  Answer provides  Answer clearly  for  provide an  provide examples  an argument with  provide an  evaluation.  argument for or  to support an  one or two  argument with two  against. Answer  contains  argument for or  against. Writing  examples that  support it. Writing  excellent  examples that  inaccuracies.  is poor and  is acceptable for  support it; student  Writing is poor  grammatical  the college level  makes the argument  and contains  errors are  but may contain  clearly and  numerous  common. Answer  one or two  eloquently. Answer  grammatical  mistakes and  is somewhat  incoherent.  grammatical  mistakes and  is well organized  and free of  misspellings.  misspellings.  grammatical errors  and misspellings.  POINT  VALUE 0123\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { RATING } &\text { Failing }&\text { Below Average } &\text { Competent }&\text { Advanced/ }\\&&&&\text { Sophisticated }\\\hline \text { Criteria } &\text { Answer doesnot }&\text { Answer fails to }&\text { Answer provides }&\text { Answer clearly }\\\text { for }&\text { provide an }&\text { provide examples }& \text { an argument with } &\text { provide an }\\\text { evaluation. }&\text { argument for or }&\text { to support an }&\text { one or two }&\text { argument with two }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { against. Answer } \\\text { contains }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { argument for or } \\\text { against. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { examples that } \\\text { support it. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { excellent } \\\text { examples that }\end{array}\\&\text { inaccuracies. } & \text { is poor and } & \text { is acceptable for }& \text { support it; student } \\&\text { Writing is poor } &\text { grammatical }& \text { the college level } &\text { makes the argument }\\&\text { and contains } & \text { errors are } & \text { but may contain } &\text { clearly and }\\&\text { numerous } & \text { common. Answer } & \text { one or two }&\text { eloquently. Answer }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is somewhat } \\\text { incoherent. }\end{array} &\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is well organized } \\\text { and free of }\end{array}\\&\text { misspellings. }&&\text { misspellings. }&\text { grammatical errors }\\&&&&\text { and misspellings. }\\\hline \text { POINT } \\\text { VALUE }&0&1&2&3\\\hline\end{array} -Discuss how the federal government shapes the actions of state and local governments.

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The Constitution gives the federal gover...

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What key constitutional provisions define the scope of authority of the federal and state governments?

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The following parts of the Constitution ...

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Which of the following is not a benefit of federalism?


A) Federalism promotes political participation.
B) Federalism encourages economic equality across the country.
C) Federalism provides for multiple levels of government action.
D) Federalism accommodates a diversity of opinion.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Critical Thinking Questions  RATING  Failing  Below Average  Competent  Advanced/  Sophisticated  Criteria  Answer doesnot  Answer fails to  Answer provides  Answer clearly  for  provide an  provide examples  an argument with  provide an  evaluation.  argument for or  to support an  one or two  argument with two  against. Answer  contains  argument for or  against. Writing  examples that  support it. Writing  excellent  examples that  inaccuracies.  is poor and  is acceptable for  support it; student  Writing is poor  grammatical  the college level  makes the argument  and contains  errors are  but may contain  clearly and  numerous  common. Answer  one or two  eloquently. Answer  grammatical  mistakes and  is somewhat  incoherent.  grammatical  mistakes and  is well organized  and free of  misspellings.  misspellings.  grammatical errors  and misspellings.  POINT  VALUE 0123\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { RATING } &\text { Failing }&\text { Below Average } &\text { Competent }&\text { Advanced/ }\\&&&&\text { Sophisticated }\\\hline \text { Criteria } &\text { Answer doesnot }&\text { Answer fails to }&\text { Answer provides }&\text { Answer clearly }\\\text { for }&\text { provide an }&\text { provide examples }& \text { an argument with } &\text { provide an }\\\text { evaluation. }&\text { argument for or }&\text { to support an }&\text { one or two }&\text { argument with two }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { against. Answer } \\\text { contains }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { argument for or } \\\text { against. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { examples that } \\\text { support it. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { excellent } \\\text { examples that }\end{array}\\&\text { inaccuracies. } & \text { is poor and } & \text { is acceptable for }& \text { support it; student } \\&\text { Writing is poor } &\text { grammatical }& \text { the college level } &\text { makes the argument }\\&\text { and contains } & \text { errors are } & \text { but may contain } &\text { clearly and }\\&\text { numerous } & \text { common. Answer } & \text { one or two }&\text { eloquently. Answer }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is somewhat } \\\text { incoherent. }\end{array} &\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is well organized } \\\text { and free of }\end{array}\\&\text { misspellings. }&&\text { misspellings. }&\text { grammatical errors }\\&&&&\text { and misspellings. }\\\hline \text { POINT } \\\text { VALUE }&0&1&2&3\\\hline\end{array} -How have the political and economic relationships between the states and federal government evolved since the early 1800s?

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Until the second half of the nineteenth ...

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Which statement about unfunded mandates is false?


A) The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act has prevented Congress from using unfunded mandates.
B) The Clean Air Act is a type of federal partial preemptive regulation.
C) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act establishes crosscutting requirements.
D) New federalism does not promote the use of unfunded mandates.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Describe the advantages of federalism.

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Federalism promotes political ...

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Which statement about federal and unitary systems is most accurate?


A) In a federal system, power is concentrated in the states; in a unitary system, it is concentrated in the national government.
B) In a federal system, the constitution allocates powers between states and federal government; in a unitary system, powers are lodged in the national government.
C) Today there are more countries with federal systems than with unitary systems.
D) The United States and Japan have federal systems, while Great Britain and Canada have unitary systems.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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What does it mean to refer to the carrot of grants and the stick of mandates?

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The carrot of grants refers to a strateg...

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Critical Thinking Questions  RATING  Failing  Below Average  Competent  Advanced/  Sophisticated  Criteria  Answer doesnot  Answer fails to  Answer provides  Answer clearly  for  provide an  provide examples  an argument with  provide an  evaluation.  argument for or  to support an  one or two  argument with two  against. Answer  contains  argument for or  against. Writing  examples that  support it. Writing  excellent  examples that  inaccuracies.  is poor and  is acceptable for  support it; student  Writing is poor  grammatical  the college level  makes the argument  and contains  errors are  but may contain  clearly and  numerous  common. Answer  one or two  eloquently. Answer  grammatical  mistakes and  is somewhat  incoherent.  grammatical  mistakes and  is well organized  and free of  misspellings.  misspellings.  grammatical errors  and misspellings.  POINT  VALUE 0123\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { RATING } &\text { Failing }&\text { Below Average } &\text { Competent }&\text { Advanced/ }\\&&&&\text { Sophisticated }\\\hline \text { Criteria } &\text { Answer doesnot }&\text { Answer fails to }&\text { Answer provides }&\text { Answer clearly }\\\text { for }&\text { provide an }&\text { provide examples }& \text { an argument with } &\text { provide an }\\\text { evaluation. }&\text { argument for or }&\text { to support an }&\text { one or two }&\text { argument with two }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { against. Answer } \\\text { contains }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { argument for or } \\\text { against. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { examples that } \\\text { support it. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { excellent } \\\text { examples that }\end{array}\\&\text { inaccuracies. } & \text { is poor and } & \text { is acceptable for }& \text { support it; student } \\&\text { Writing is poor } &\text { grammatical }& \text { the college level } &\text { makes the argument }\\&\text { and contains } & \text { errors are } & \text { but may contain } &\text { clearly and }\\&\text { numerous } & \text { common. Answer } & \text { one or two }&\text { eloquently. Answer }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is somewhat } \\\text { incoherent. }\end{array} &\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is well organized } \\\text { and free of }\end{array}\\&\text { misspellings. }&&\text { misspellings. }&\text { grammatical errors }\\&&&&\text { and misspellings. }\\\hline \text { POINT } \\\text { VALUE }&0&1&2&3\\\hline\end{array} -Describe the primary differences in the role of citizens in government among the federal, confederation, and unitary systems.

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The role of citizens in a federal government is greater than that of citizens in either a confederation or a unitary government. Because decisions are made and policies enacted at both the state and national levels in a federal system, citizens must acquaint themselves with both state and national issues and must be prepared to participate at both levels. In confederations, citizens need only to be informed about state issues and willing to participate at the state level. In unitary systems, citizens participate only at the national level and thus must help to shape policy regarding only national issues.

Critical Thinking Questions  RATING  Failing  Below Average  Competent  Advanced/  Sophisticated  Criteria  Answer doesnot  Answer fails to  Answer provides  Answer clearly  for  provide an  provide examples  an argument with  provide an  evaluation.  argument for or  to support an  one or two  argument with two  against. Answer  contains  argument for or  against. Writing  examples that  support it. Writing  excellent  examples that  inaccuracies.  is poor and  is acceptable for  support it; student  Writing is poor  grammatical  the college level  makes the argument  and contains  errors are  but may contain  clearly and  numerous  common. Answer  one or two  eloquently. Answer  grammatical  mistakes and  is somewhat  incoherent.  grammatical  mistakes and  is well organized  and free of  misspellings.  misspellings.  grammatical errors  and misspellings.  POINT  VALUE 0123\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline \text { RATING } &\text { Failing }&\text { Below Average } &\text { Competent }&\text { Advanced/ }\\&&&&\text { Sophisticated }\\\hline \text { Criteria } &\text { Answer doesnot }&\text { Answer fails to }&\text { Answer provides }&\text { Answer clearly }\\\text { for }&\text { provide an }&\text { provide examples }& \text { an argument with } &\text { provide an }\\\text { evaluation. }&\text { argument for or }&\text { to support an }&\text { one or two }&\text { argument with two }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { against. Answer } \\\text { contains }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { argument for or } \\\text { against. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { examples that } \\\text { support it. Writing }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { excellent } \\\text { examples that }\end{array}\\&\text { inaccuracies. } & \text { is poor and } & \text { is acceptable for }& \text { support it; student } \\&\text { Writing is poor } &\text { grammatical }& \text { the college level } &\text { makes the argument }\\&\text { and contains } & \text { errors are } & \text { but may contain } &\text { clearly and }\\&\text { numerous } & \text { common. Answer } & \text { one or two }&\text { eloquently. Answer }\\&\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is somewhat } \\\text { incoherent. }\end{array} &\begin{array}{l}\text { grammatical } \\\text { mistakes and }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { is well organized } \\\text { and free of }\end{array}\\&\text { misspellings. }&&\text { misspellings. }&\text { grammatical errors }\\&&&&\text { and misspellings. }\\\hline \text { POINT } \\\text { VALUE }&0&1&2&3\\\hline\end{array} -What are the merits and drawbacks of American federalism?

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Among the benefits of federalism are that it guarantees all citizens basic rights regardless of what state they live in. Another benefit is that the ability to pass legislation at both the federal and state levels encourages policy innovations. For example, several U.S. states had already extended the right to vote to women before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment allowed all women to vote. The two levels of government also provide citizens with greater opportunities to have their interests represented, even if they are in the minority nationwide, and to participate in government. The drawbacks of the federal system are that some states accord their residents greater rights than others; for example, some states have not extended Medicaid benefits to residents who would be covered if they lived in other states. Richer states can also afford to spend more money per person on benefits like public education than poorer states can.

Describe the disadvantages of federalism.

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Federalism can trigger a race to the bot...

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Which statement about immigration federalism is false?


A) The Arizona v. United States decision struck down all Arizona's most restrictive provisions on illegal immigration.
B) Since the 1990s, states have increasingly moved into the policy domain of immigration.
C) Federal immigration laws trump state laws.
D) States' involvement in immigration is partly due to their interest in preventing illegal immigrants from accessing public services such as education and welfare benefits.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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What does venue shopping mean?

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Because the U.S. federal system creates ...

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Which statement about federal grants in recent decades is most accurate?


A) The federal government allocates the most grant money to income security.
B) The amount of federal grant money going to states has steadily increased since the 1960s.
C) The majority of federal grants are block grants.
D) Block grants tend to gain more flexibility over time.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which statement about the evolution of same-sex marriage is false?


A) The federal government became involved in this issue when it passed DOMA.
B) In the 1990s and 2000s, the number of state restrictions on same-sex marriage increased.
C) United States v. Windsor legalized same-sex marriage in the United States.
D) More than half the states had legalized same-sex marriage by the time the Supreme Court made same-sex marriage legal nationwide in 2015.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which is not a merit of cooperative federalism?


A) Federal cooperation helps mitigate the problem of collective action among states.
B) Federal assistance encourages state and local governments to generate positive externalities.
C) Cooperative federalism respects the traditional jurisdictional boundaries between states and federal government.
D) Federal assistance ensures some degree of uniformity of public services across states.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court invoked which provisions of the constitution?


A) Tenth Amendment and spending clause
B) commerce clause and supremacy clause
C) necessary and proper clause and supremacy clause
D) taxing power and necessary and proper clause

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Which statement about new federalism is not true?


A) New federalism was launched by President Nixon and continued by President Reagan.
B) New federalism is based on the idea that decentralization of responsibility enhances administrative efficiency.
C) United States v. Lopez is a Supreme Court ruling that advanced the logic of new federalism.
D) President Reagan was able to promote new federalism consistently throughout his
E) administration.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Which statement about venue shopping is true?


A) MADD steered the drinking age issue from the federal government down to the states.
B) Anti-abortion advocates have steered the abortion issue from the states up to the federal government.
C) Both MADD and anti-abortion proponents redirected their advocacy from the states to the federal government.
D) None of the statements are correct.

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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