Question 1

A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement.
B)   negative reinforcement.
C)   punishment.
D)   omission training.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 2

Steve anxiously taps his pencil on his desk every day at 11:50.By 11:55 he is licking his lips.Assuming lunch is always served at noon,what,according to behavioral systems theory,best explains his pencil tapping behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   adventitious reinforcement
B)   superstitious behavior
C)   species-typical responses that reflect other sources of motivation when food is unlikely
D)   early components of foraging behaviorE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 3

According to the law of effect,which of the following elements is not a component of the conditioned association?

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulus
B)   outcome
C)   response
D)   All of the above are involved.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 4

Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning.What are the advantages of each class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental...

Question 5

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching.Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet,far less than needed for a win.In order to train your frog to jump farther,you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   any distance
B)   4'11"
C)   5'1"
D)   5'E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 6

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)  is a type of

Accepted Answer

A)   punishment.
B)   omission training.
C)   escape.
D)   avoidance.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

The decreased responding for an unfavorable reward because of prior experience with a better outcome is called

Accepted Answer

A)   positive contrast.
B)   negative contrast.
C)   stereotypy.
D)   negative interference.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 8

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades.Skinner would attribute this behavior to

Accepted Answer

A)   a positive response-reinforcer contingency.
B)   adventitious reinforcement.
C)   interim reinforcement.
D)   terminal reinforcement.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 9

With some difficulty,a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank,but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank,the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end,and would not drop the coins.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   instinctive drift.
B)   stereotypy.
C)   sensitization.
D)   differential variability.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is thought in part to have helplessness as a mechanism of its development?

Accepted Answer

A)   panic attacks
B)   depression
C)   schizophrenia
D)   dissociative disordersE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 11

Which of the following is true of an operant response?

Accepted Answer

A)   Response speed determines outcome.
B)   Pushing a lever with a paw and pushing a lever with the snout are equivalent.
C)   Licking a water spout and pushing a response lever are equivalent.
D)   Licking a water spout and chewing a food pellet are equivalent.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   money
B)   food
C)   shelter
D)   saccharinE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What factors contribute to the effectiveness of...

Question 14

In some instances,removing a stimulus after some response decreases the occurrence of that response.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement.
B)   negative reinforcement.
C)   omission training.
D)   punishment.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Compare the evidence for behavioral variability and stereotypy.What evidence is there that variability can be conditioned?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare the evidence for behavioral variability and...

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)   receiving a time-out instead of a spanking
B)   turning off the radio when the DJ plays a song you dislike
C)   going out to dinner after winning an award
D)   faking illness to avoid school in the morningE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that

Accepted Answer

A)   punishment increases the target response, while negative reinforcement decreases the target response.
B)   punishment decreases the target response, while negative reinforcement increases the target response.
C)   in punishment, the target response terminates the aversive stimulus.
D)   in negative reinforcement, the response increases the likelihood of the aversive stimulus.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

In the triadic design of learned helplessness experiments,subjects in group R that are restricted to the apparatus in the exposure phase show _____ avoidance learning in the conditioning phase.

Accepted Answer

A)   slow
B)   rapid
C)   no
D)   unpredictableE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 19

Pigeons have a baseline gape response of 10-15 mm.In order to shape the gape response for a wider opening,the first reinforcers should be delivered when the pigeon opens its mouth _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   every time
B)   10 mm
C)   15 mm
D)   16 mmE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 20

Sometimes,removing a stimulus after some response increases the occurrence of that response.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   punishment.
B)   omission training.
C)   positive reinforcement.
D)   negative reinforcement.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations

What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Steve anxiously taps his pencil on his desk every day at 11:50.By 11:55 he is licking his lips.Assuming lunch is always served at noon,what,according to behavioral systems theory,best explains his pencil tapping behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning.What are the advantages of each class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The frog jumping contest is fast approaching.Your jumper has a maximum leap of 5 feet,far less than needed for a win.In order to train your frog to jump farther,you should begin by giving it a fly when it jumps _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of an operant response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In some instances,removing a stimulus after some response decreases the occurrence of that response.This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades.Skinner would attribute this behavior to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the law of effect,which of the following elements is not a component of the conditioned association?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is thought in part to have helplessness as a mechanism of its development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) is a type of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pigeons have a baseline gape response of 10-15 mm.In order to shape the gape response for a wider opening,the first reinforcers should be delivered when the pigeon opens its mouth _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

With some difficulty,a raccoon was trained to place a single coin in a piggy bank,but when the trainer attempted to train the raccoon to place two coins in the bank,the raccoon rubbed the coins together for minutes on end,and would not drop the coins.This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the triadic design of learned helplessness experiments,subjects in group R that are restricted to the apparatus in the exposure phase show _____ avoidance learning in the conditioning phase.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sometimes,removing a stimulus after some response increases the occurrence of that response.This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The decreased responding for an unfavorable reward because of prior experience with a better outcome is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare the evidence for behavioral variability and stereotypy.What evidence is there that variability can be conditioned?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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