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According to the hyperbolic decay function of value discounting, when the delay is 2, the value of the reinforcer is _____.


A) 2
B) 2 k
C) M \(1 + 2 k )
D) 2M\(1 + k )

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following is the correct way to express the value discounting function mathematically?


A) V = M \(1 + k D)
B) M = V\(1 - k D)
C) K = M\(1 - V D)
D) D = V\(1 + k M)

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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How have studies of self-control informed us about other important aspects of human behavior?

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Which of the following individuals is most likely to be on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?


A) a clerk at a fast food restaurant
B) a gambler
C) a mail delivery person
D) a waiter

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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If you want to increase the self control of your little sibling you might


A) give a large reward initially, then gradually increase the delay to reward delivery.
B) distract your sibling with an intervening task during a delay to a large reward.
C) distract your sibling from the attending to a large reward during the delay period.
D) any or all of the above.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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When waiting for a small reward versus waiting for a larger reward,


A) the value of the small reward decreases, while the value of the large reward remains largely unchanged.
B) the value of the large reward decreases, while the value of the small reward increases to meet it.
C) the value of the small reward increases, while the value of the large reward remains largely unchanged.
D) the values of both rewards decrease.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following describes behavior reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule?


A) climbing a flight of stairs
B) pulling the arm of a slot machine
C) checking a washing machine to see if the clothes are done
D) checking the oven to see if the cake is done

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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What does the matching law allow us to predict? How can the law be used to determine relative reinforcer values?

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According to melioration theories of matching,


A) organisms always choose whichever response alternative is most likely to be reinforced at that time.
B) organisms focus on aggregates of responses between two keys over a time period.
C) the local rate of response is calculated over just the time the organism devotes to that particular behavior.
D) organisms distribute their responses so as to maximize the amount of reinforcement they receive over the long run.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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If a ratio requirement is increased from an FR 100 schedule to an FR 500 schedule, the subject will often pause periodically before completion of the ratio requirement. These pauses are due to


A) the post-reinforcement pause.
B) the ratio strain.
C) the ratio run.
D) the interval scallop.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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A cumulative recorder marks a scalloped pattern of responding when subjects are on a


A) fixed ratio schedule.
B) fixed interval schedule.
C) variable ratio schedule.
D) variable interval schedule.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following describes behavior reinforced on a fixed interval schedule?


A) delivering the mail
B) pulling the arm of a slot machine
C) checking the refrigerator to see if the jelly is done
D) flipping burgers for $5.00 an hour

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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When considering the feedback function of a fixed interval schedule, which of the following is true for a given period?


A) there is an upper limit on the number of reinforcers a subject can earn.
B) there is no limit to the number of reinforcers a subject can learn; more responses = more reinforcers.
C) depending on how the subject responds, it may have a limit or may not have a limit on its number or reinforcers.
D) it is impossible to determine any of the above.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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The best evidence from studies of self control suggests


A) that self control is quite stable and likely due almost entirely to genetic influences.
B) that self control may be weakly trainable, but this variability has little effect on behavior.
C) that self control can be trained and may be a critical component of emotional adjustment.
D) that self control is rather overrated and has little influence on behavioral outcome.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Describe how concurrent schedules are designed and what are the typical findings with concurrent schedules.

Correct Answer

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A concurrent schedule is typically used to examine choice behavior in


A) a T-maze.
B) an eight arm radial maze.
C) a Skinner box with one manipulandum.
D) a Skinner box with two manipulanda.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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People addicted to heroin are likely to show_____ when compared to non-addicted individuals.


A) a steep reward discounting function
B) a more shallow reward discounting function
C) a discounting function with more peaks
D) a discounting function with fewer peaks

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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The orbitofrontal cortex


A) lies within the prefrontal cortex.
B) seems to provide executive control in weighing values of alternative choices.
C) has connections with the amygdala and striatum.
D) all of the above

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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A hungry pigeon is in a Skinner box and is pecking a key for access to food. The first food delivery occurs for the first peck after 1 minute has elapsed. The second occurs for the first peck after 3 minutes has elapsed. The third food delivery occurs for the first peck after 2 minutes has elapsed. All other pecks went unrewarded, but the pigeon did not receive access to food unless it pecked the key. The pigeon is most likely on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.


A) FR
B) VR
C) FI
D) VI

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following describes behavior reinforced on a variable ratio schedule?


A) delivering the mail
B) pulling the arm of a slot machine
C) checking a washing machine to see if the clothes are done
D) flipping burgers for $5.00 an hour

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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