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Exam 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

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Question 91

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Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol all have effects on

A) action potential conduction.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) synaptic activity.
D) neurotransmitter degradation.
E) neurotransmitter reuptake.

F) D) and E)
G) None of the above

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Question 92

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Once the action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens next?

A) exocytosis of a neurocrine
B) release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
C) release of a neurohormone into the blood
D) Any of the above could happen next.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Question 93

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Multiple sclerosis (MS)is one of the better known diseases resulting from demyelination of axons (in MS, only CNS axons are affected).Some of the earliest symptoms of the disease are difficulty in focusing the eyes, such as in reading, and difficulty in maintaining balance, and frequently not being able to make adjustments in posture to avoid falling.How do these symptoms "fit" with what you know about nerve impulses, myelin sheaths, and the location of gated ion channels in the membranes of axons?

Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found. -astrocytes

Myelin is formed by

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

Compare and contrast the communication mechanisms between the nervous and endocrine systems.In other words, how do neurons and neurotransmitters signal to their postsynaptic cells, compared to the way endocrine glands and hormones communicate with their target cells?

Neurotransmitters are released from the

Arrange the following events in the proper sequence: 1) Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 2) Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential. 3) Effector organ responds by performing output. 4) Integrating center reaches decision about response. 5) Sensory organ detects change in the environment.

The amplitude of an action potential depends in part on the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid.Stanley Student has carefully impaled a neuron with an intracellular electrode.He tests the role of extracellular sodium by changing the concentration in the bathing fluid and recording an action potential after each change.The data he generated are shown in the table, where amplitude listed is the peak amplitude of the action potential; make an appropriate graph. $\begin{array} { | l | l | } \hline \text { Conc. Sodium (mOsM) } & \text { Amp. (mV) } \\\hline 100 & 90 \\\hline 120 & 91 \\\hline 140 & 92 \\\hline 160 & 94 \\\hline 180 & 96 \\\hline 200 & 10 \\\hline\end{array}$

Use the Nernst equation to predict the membrane potential for each ion.

The rising phase of the action potential is due to

Graded potentials that increase the likelihood of an action potential bring the ________ closer to threshold.

Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once) . -require(s) a minimum stimulus to occur

When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and ________ occurs.

Once the stimulus alters the receptor on the cell's membrane, what happens next?

Schwann cells are the primary type of glial cell associated with the central nervous system.

Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once) . -originate(s) on dendrites and cell bodies

In the graphs below, identify normokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia.

Match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once) . -contribute(s) most to membrane surface area of cell